Part II: Preventing torture: NHRIs in action It might be difficult for a man to interview a woman, even when the subject matter of the interview is not sensitive. A woman is often more willing to talk to another woman. This consideration is especially important when discussing an experience of a violation of sexual nature. It is difficult enough for a woman to talk to anyone about an experience of this nature and a man, however sympathetic, is likely to trigger fears and feelings of vulnerability associated with the assault. However, it is important to avoid making assumptions regarding women’s preferences and ensure that the interviewee can choose to speak to a woman or a man. Interviewing children Children’s best interest should always prevail when planning and conducting interviews, including considering whether it is really necessary to carry out the interview in the first place and if the information can be obtained through other means. It is also important for interviewers to be adequately trained on child development and specific techniques for interviewing children. Children perceive the world very differently from adults and this fact should be appreciated when preparing to interview a child. The issue of power relations should also be carefully considered, as a child may be more likely to provide compliant answers. The age, developmental stage, education and prior experiences of the child must also be taken into account, as this will greatly influence the child’s capacity to tell their story. For instance, can the child talk freely and uninterrupted? Or are they better able to respond to specific questions? If the interview relates to an allegation of physical abuse, a child is likely to feel anxious and reticent to discuss the issue. It is important to be extremely patient. Often several interviews will be necessary before a child will trust you sufficiently to confide in you. It may also be helpful to consider using other methods of communication, such as drawing or using pictures or images (sad faces / smiley faces). The child should be asked whether they have a preference regarding the gender of the interviewer. During an interview, you should also be attentive to signs that the child is growing anxious or overwhelmed and, when necessary, offer a break or interrupt the interview. Other specific issues to be carefully considered when interviewing children include: • Obtaining the informed consent of the parent(s) or legal guardian to talk to the child, as well as the child’s consent (if age allows). • Ensuring a safe and private location as well as sitting arrangements that could make the child more comfortable, for example by avoiding sitting behind a desk. • Making sure from the beginning that the child understands the purpose and process of the interview. • Using simple language adapted to the child’s age and development stage. • Reducing note-taking. Interviewing LGBTI persons In certain contexts, it may be particularly challenging to gather information on human rights violations directly from LGBTI persons for a number of reasons, including security, risk of harm, trauma and stigma. NHRIs may therefore seek to obtain information on the situation of LGBTI persons also from other sources, such as associations and organisations that protect their rights. It is also crucial that all data is treated confidentially and that this is clearly explained to the interviewee. NHRIs should be trained on LGBTI issues prior to carrying out interviews with LGBTI persons. When interviewing LGBTI persons, it is important to use appropriate language, to avoid pressuring the person to disclose their sexual orientation or gender identity by posing direct questions, and to send a clear message of non-discrimination. The interviewer should refrain from making assumptions on the person’s sexual orientation or gender identity, and refer to the person by using the terms, pronouns and names they choose. 75