In Search of Credible Elections and Parties: The Philippine Paradox 85 The Philippine Countryside in Figures. 2008 edition. Makati City: National Statistical Coordination Board. 2010. Timberman, David G. 1991. A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics. Singapore and Manila: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and Bookmark, Inc. Tuazon, Bobby M. ed. 2007.Oligarchic Politics: Elections and the Party-List System in the Philippines. Quezon City: CenPEG Books. ______________. ed. 2006. Fraud: Gloria M. Arroyo and the May 2004 Elections: Quezon City: CenPEG Publications, 2006). ______________. ed. 2011. 12 Years of the Party List System: Marginalizing People's Representation. Quezon City: CenPEG Publications. Ubac, Michael Lim. “IT Experts list sins of COMELEC, partner,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, 7 June 2010. Velasco Renato S. 2006. “Parties, Elections and Democratization in Post-Martial Law Philippines,” in Teresa S. Encarnacion-Tadem and Noel Morada, eds. Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Quezon City: Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines. Virola, Romulo A., Severa B. de Costo, Joseph M. Addawe and Leonor G. Reyes. “The Best and Worst Provinces in the Philippines: What Happened to their Leaders in the 2004 Elections?” Paper presented at the 9th National Convention on Statistics. EDSA Shangrila Hotel, October 4-5, 2004. Notes 1 For a full discussion of this book's conceptualization and measurement of democracy, see the chapter by Miranda above. 2 Schmitter makes the important clarification that even in democratic systems, public officials need not always be elected since alternative ways of choosing rulers or representing interests are possible( such as through lottery and rotation) as long as such practices have public consent (2004: 47). 3 In the literature on democratic governance, elections constitute a form of “vertical accountability”between citizens, representatives, and rulers. In contrast “horizontal accountability” refers to interactions such as “checks and balances” among the different branches of the regime and state acting according to constitutional and legal rules (Schmitter 2004: 52-3). For horizontal accountability, see Guillermo O'Donnell (1998).

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