88 Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy 21 Unless otherwise stated, all human development indicators used in this study are drawn from the Philippine Human Development Report 2008/2009 published by the Human Development Network (HDN) in cooperation with the UNDP and the New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID), 2009. 22 In 2007, Cebu, Negros Occidental, and Pangasinan were ranked numbers one, two, and fifth, in terms of population (NSCB 2010). 23 For data on Joaquin Ortega, see Michael Cullinane, Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003, p. 97. 24 In this listing, the same individual who succeeds in occupying both positions is excluded since the person does not qualify as a “political family” as defined in this study. Only families who have at least two different members occupying these positions are included in the table. 25 In coding for the turnover rates for governors and representatives, members of the same political family are coded similarly to capture the strength and continuity of these elites. For instance, in a province where the governorship is occupied singly by the same family but by various family members( say spouses or children) at different times throughout the period being studied, the turnover rate is coded as zero. The same coding procedure applies to congressional districts occupied by similarly situated family members. 26 The Good Governance Index (GGI) used by the NSCB is computed for each province as the unweighted arithmetic average of the Economic Good Governance Index (EGGI), the Political Good Governance Index (PGGI), and the Administrative Good Governance Index (AGGI) (Virola et al. 2004) 27 The reference to Latin America is deliberate and instructive since the Philippines shares some of the most significant features of Latin American political systems especially the tradition of strong presidents, weak legislatures and powerful political families. 28 For the historical formation of the Partido Federal and the early years of the Nacionalista Party, see Cullinane (2003) and Ruby R. Paredes, ed., Philippine Colonial Democracy. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1989. 29 Six of the candidates of the Democratic Alliance won congressional seats in the 1946 elections but were unseated by the Roxas-led Congress on alleged charges of electoral fraud and terrorism. The DA congresspersons had to be unseated to guarantee the passage of the Parity Amendment in Congress. For a study of the impact of American rule over elite continuity in the Philippines in the aftermath of the 2nd world war, see Rivera (2011). 30 In the May 2010 elections, the two biggest left-leaning party list formations, Makabayan and Akbayan, entered into electoral alliances with the major presidential candidates. For a discussion of the working relations between Akbayan and the Liberal Party, see Teehankee 2009.