Addressing Vulnerabilities III. 45 Addressing Vulnerabilities Core to the Body of Principles is the declaration that it is applicable to all persons within the territory of any given State, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion or religious belief, political or other opinion, national ethnic or social origin, property, birth or other status. It then declares that measures applied under the law and designed solely to protect the rights and special status of women, especially pregnant women and nursing mothers, children and juveniles, aged, sick or handicapped persons shall not be deemed to be discriminatory. 214 This is in recognition of the vulnerability of certain groups and persons, who in addition to being held in detention or imprisonment, are also subject to different forms of discrimination. Due to their vulnerability, standards were passed and agreed upon in the international level; standards which this study and research used as framework in the assessment of the conditions of NCRPO lock up cells and person detained therein specifically giving special attention to: women, children, elderly, persons with disability, and likewise persons with diverse sexual orientation and gender identity. A. Women Women detainees belong to one of the vulnerable groups that have specific needs and requirements. Under the Standard Minimum Rules, several provisions are in place to protect women prisoners and women in detention. There is the requirement for the separation of categories -- that “men and women shall so far as possible be detained in separate institutions; in an institution which receives both men and women the whole of the premises allocated to women shall be entirely separate.” 215Other standards include the provision of pre and post natal care and treatment in institutions, 216 the requirement that arrangements be made whenever practicable for children to be born in a hospital outside the institution, that in cases where nursing infants are allowed to remain in the institution with their mothers, provision shall be made for a nursery staffed by qualified persons. 217 The Standards also provide that in institutions for both men and women, the part set aside for women shall be under the authority of a responsible woman officer. No male member of the staff shall enter the part of the institution set aside for women unless accompanied by a woman officer. It also required that women prisoners shall be attended and supervised only by women officers. 218 This does not, however, preclude male members of the staff, particularly doctors and teachers, from carrying out their professional duties in institutions or parts of institutions set aside for women. 214 Principle 5, Body of Principles Standard No. 8 (a), Standard Minimum Rules 216 Standard No. 23 217 Standard 23 218 Standard 53. 215