Key Finding 4: Ad hoc, disjointed, disconnected and reactive Government work at all levels appears to be ad-hoc, disjointed, often disconnected from other similar approaches, and frequently reactive to situations arising domestically or internationally. Such work is heavily siloed and there is a lack of whole of government approaches that are not reliant on the Australian Human Rights Commission, as a small authority, to lead and drive. Lack of coherence and direction across government agencies and between governments is apparent. This is also the case across sectors considered in this research – government, nongovernment organisations and academia. Victoria is an example of where cross-sectoral approaches can work – when academic experts, government agencies and local councils are aware of and leverage each other’s experience and expertise. Key Finding 5: Focus on internal staffing strategies The most common work across agencies and tiers of government is internally focused in the form of diversity, equity and inclusion strategies and programs aimed at First Nations and CALD staff, alongside people living with disability and women. However, some of this work has been in place for more than a decade and little to no focus is directly on addressing racism in the workplace - rather, racism is part of an overall ‘basket’ of issues to be considered. Reconciliation Action Plans have the capacity to shift this for those government agencies that have them in place, with a commitment to review internal policies for anti-racism approaches now a requirement introduced by Reconciliation Australia and not government itself. At the local level, the City of Darebin in Victoria is the only example of a council identified by this research with a dedicated anti-racism staff position. Key Finding 6: Disconnect between expert research outcomes and government work There is a disconnect between emerging academic research and government practice. Significant federal funding has supported excellent academic and other research, but it is not clear if or where research findings are driving policy and program development or informing practice by government to achieve outcomes for communities. Key Finding 7: Competing communities The current policy approach in this space contributes to an ‘either/or’ situation between First Nations and CALD communities, leading to victimised communities competing with each other for funding. Key Finding 8: Limited focus on racism and First Nations communities The equity work undertaken by government focused on First Nations communities is focused into those communities aimed at addressing disadvantage and does not include a focus on addressing the racism experienced by those communities from external forces. No evidence could be found to support work being undertaken aimed at those who perpetrate racism towards First Nations communities. Post-Voice Referendum, 3