Maranga Mai! the myth of New Zealand as a multicultural utopia was foundering upon the reality of racism and urged the Crown to do more to meet its obligations under the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racism (CERD) (Walker, 2004, pp. 232-234; National Council of Churches, 1983). Te hīkoi ki Waitangi (1984) In 1984 the Waitangi Action Committee, the New Zealand Māori Council, the Māori Women's Welfare League, Te Kotahitanga and the Kiingitanga (Māori King Movement) organised a hīkoi to Waitangi to protest Waitangi Day celebrations. Te Hīkoi brought together conservatives and radicals, the old and young, and Māori and non-Māori in the biggest display of unity since the Māori Land March in 1975. With veteran rights campaigner Eva Rickard leading, the hīkoi departed from Tūrangawaewae Marae after multiple ecumenical blessings from God, via the clergy, and another from ancestors, via Dame Te Atairangikaahu. Over 4,000 protesters gathered at Paihia. Police action prevented them from attending a pre-arranged meeting with GovernorGeneral Sir David Beattie, northern elder Sir James Henare, and the Race Relations Conciliator Hiwi Tūroa. Nevertheless, the hīkoi demonstrated that the government could not ignore the Treaty or divide Māori (Awarau, 1984; Blank, Henare and Williams, 1985). The decade and a half of protests culminating in the hīkoi had an immediate and ongoing impact. Labour came to power later that year and the following year empowered the Waitangi Tribunal to investigate historical Māori claims dating back to 1840. Tribes and individuals mobilised to lodge claims (Walker, 2004, pp. 253-255). Te reo Māori also progressed. In 1979, when facing trial over another protest, Dun Mihaka would speak only Māori in court. In 1982, a group of Wainuiomata mothers launched the Kōhanga Reo movement. In 1984, a telephone exchange manager demoted Naida Glavish for greeting toll callers with ‘Kia ora’. After a public outcry, the government promptly demoted the manager and promoted Glavish to the international exchange from where ‘Kia ora’ beamed out to the world. In 1987, the Crown made te reo Māori an 64 official language and inaugurated Te Taurawhiri i Te Reo | The Māori Language Commission to promote the use of the language in government and public arenas. From 1985 onwards, Māori began their own radio stations. New Zealand on Air began funding a network of stations in 1990. Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcasting Commission) established a permanent Māori radio network in 1993 and in 2004 funded the Māori Television Service (Walker, 2004, pp. 330-337, 369-377). From 1986 onwards, the Māori Council and tribal leaders launched several largely successful court actions against the Crown over the sale of assets belonging to State Owned Enterprises, such as forests, fisheries, broadcasting, and natural resources. The Treaty found a place, via the Principles of the Treaty, in the State Owned Enterprises Act (1986) and other legislation (Walker, 2004, pp. 262-277). The Sesquicentennial Celebrations (1990) If the 1980s protests were about honouring the Treaty, the 1990s were about seeking justice under the Treaty. Between 1987 and 1989, the government had moved the annual Treaty celebrations to low key affairs in Wellington to avoid large-scale protests. Given the importance in 1990 of the sesquicentennial 150th anniversary of the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi, the government sensed it could rely on recent Treaty progress. The government decided to return the annual ceremonies to Waitangi after recent progress in legislation, Waitangi Tribunal reports, successful court actions, and supporting te reo. Drawing on an emerging nationalist Māori cultural sentiment, the government sequestered $30 million to construct 20 waka taua and an Aotearoa Māori Arts Festival. The annual ceremonies then returned to Waitangi. The Māori Kotahitanga movement responded and on no budget launched Kaupapa Māori waiatamusic, with songs like Aotearoa by Black Katz, and Hokianga a Kupe by Chapman whānau (Ngāpuhi); an art exhibition in Tūhoe; and a Māori flag design competition won by Te Kawariki designers Hiraina Marsden, Jan Smith and Linda Munn with Te Kara Māori, also known as the Tino flag or Te Tino Rangatiratanga flag (Halkyard-Harawira, 2021).