52 Recognised by the High Court of Australia in ss 7, 24, taken together, of the Constitution: see Roach v Electoral Commissioner (2007) 233 CLR 162 and Rowe v Electoral Commissioner (2010) 243 CLR 1. Simms [2002] 2 AC 115, 131. For further analysis of the principle of legality, see Dan Meagher, ‘The Common Law Principle of Legality in an Age of Rights’ (2011) 35 Melbourne University Law Review 449-478. 53 A substantive doctrine of equality under the Constitution was proposed by Deane and Toohey JJ in their dissenting judgment in Leeth v Commonwealth (1992) 174 CLR 455, 486-492, but was rejected in the joint judgment of Mason CJ, Dawson and McHugh JJ. It was also rejected by a majority of the Court in Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1. 66 See, inter alia, Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; ex parte Lam (2003) 195 ALR 502 per McHugh and Gummow JJ at [100]; Plaintiff M70/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2011) 244 CLR 144 per Kiefel J at [247]. 54 Hilary Charlesworth, ‘The Australian Reluctance about Rights’ (1993) 31 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 195, 198, 210. 68 Michael McHugh, ‘Does Australia Need a Bill of Rights?’ (Speech delivered at Law Week Oration, University of Melbourne, 15 May 2007) <http://acthra.anu.edu.au/resources/ DoesAustraliaNeedABillofrights.pdf>. 55 See, eg, Roach v Electoral Commissioner (2007) 233 CLR 162, 224–225 (Heydon J) and the authorities cited therein. A contrary view has been expressed by Kirby J: see, eg, Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 513, 657–658 (Kirby J). 56 Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562. 57 ICCPR art 9. 58 Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562, 595 (McHugh J). 59 Michael McHugh, ‘The need for agitators: the risk of stagnation’ (Paper presented to the Sydney University Public Law Forum, Sydney, 12 October 2005), 7. 60 Re Woolley; Ex parte Applicants M276/2003 (2004) 225 CLR 1; Behrooz v Secretary, Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 219 CLR 486. 61 UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations: Australia, 95th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/AUS/CO/5 April 2009 [14]. See also, Human Rights Council, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, Observations on Northern Territory Emergency Response in Australia, 15th Sess, UN Doc A/HRC/15 23 February 2010. 62 Alan Ramsey, ‘No opposition, no debate, no contest’, The Sydney Morning Herald (Online) 11 August 2007 <http://www.smh.com.au/news/ opinion/no-opposition-no-debate-no-conte st/2007/08/10/1186530620958.html>. 63 Lord Neuberger, ‘The Role of Judges in Human Rights Jurisprudence: A Comparison of the Australian and UK Experience’ (Speech given at the Supreme Court of Victoria, Melbourne, 8 August 2014) 1 <https://www.supremecourt.uk/ docs/speech-140808.pdf>. 64 For analysis of common law rights see Australian Law Reform Commission, Traditional Rights and Freedoms: Encroachments by Commonwealth Laws (Final Report No 129, December 2015). 65 Momcilovic v The Queen (2011) 245 CLR 1, 46 (French CJ). See Lord Hoffmann’s explanation of the rationale for the principle in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; ex parte 62 67 Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1991) 175 CLR 1, 42 (Brennan J) (Mabo (No 2)). 69 Conor Gearty, On Fantasy Island (OUP, 2016) 23–25. 70 For example, the common law tort of breach of confidence has developed to incorporate the human right to privacy, strengthening common law privacy protections. Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 595 [53]. See discussion in Gavin Phillipson, ‘Privacy: the Development of Breach of Confidence – the Clearest Case of Horizontal Effect’, in David Hoffman (ed), The Impact of the UK Human Rights Act on Private Law (Cambridge, 2011). 71 R (Laporte) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire [2006] UKHL 55; [2007] 2 AC 105. 72 Human Rights Act 1998 (UK) arts 10 and 11. 73 DPP v Kaba [2014] VSC 52. 74 Tamar Hopkins, ‘Random stops and license checks by police lawful: coercive questioning not’ Human Rights Law Centre (Web Page, December 2014) <https://www.hrlc.org.au/human-rightscase-summaries/random-stops-and-licensechecks-by-police-lawful-coercive-questioningnot>. 75 Adath Yisroel Burial Society v HM Senior Coroner for Inner North London [2018] EWHC 969. 76 Adath Yisroel Burial Society v HM Senior Coroner for Inner North London [2018] EWHC 969 [103]. 77 Adath Yisroel Burial Society v HM Senior Coroner for Inner North London [2018] EWHC 969 [107]. 78 Regina v Secretary of State for the Home Department Ex Parte Simms (A.P.) Secretary of State for the Home Department Ex Parte O’Brien (Consolidated appeals) 8 July 1999. 79 Human Rights Act 1998 (UK) art 10. 80 See, eg, Law Council of Australia, ‘Rushed encryption laws create risk of unintended consequences and overreach’ (Press Release, 7 December 2018) <https://www.lawcouncil.asn. au/media/media-releases/rushed-encryptionlaws-create-risk-of-unintended-consequencesand-overreach->.