The report focuses on accountability and public participation in the kāwanatanga sphere (Article 1, Te Tiriti o Waitangi). We do not assume that what works in this sphere aligns with Te Ao Māori and can extend to Māori spaces, strategies, mechanisms, and institutions. There is a close relationship between Articles 1 and 3 (ōritetanga), so our consideration of accountability and participation in the kāwanatanga sphere also bears upon ōritetanga in Article 3. In 2022 the Housing Inquiry, in partnership with the National Iwi Chairs Forum, will consider the meaning and application of accountability and participation in relation to tino rangatiratanga (Article 2). While preparing this report, we looked at different examples of accountability and participation in Aotearoa, Canada, Ireland, England, and Scotland. Summaries of these case studies are in the Appendix. They are especially relevant to the kāwanatanga sphere. Not all the case studies relate to housing and we are not suggesting they are models to be followed; they are specific to their time, place, and system. We need nimble and reliable arrangements that suit the unique context of Aotearoa, align with Te Ao Māori, are co-designed according to Te Tiriti o Waitangi partnership, and deliver the needs of tangata whenua and other disadvantaged groups. The human rights themes that emerge from these instructive case studies include: • Sustained attention is being devoted to ensuring there is effective accountability and meaningful participation in housing and other sectors. • Formal institutional arrangements are needed to support and reinforce policies and other initiatives. • Standards are needed, such as codes, charters, and guiding principles. • Policies must be evidence-based, so reliable expert advice is vital. These themes recur throughout this report. 7