273 Index governance, 107; local governments, 108, 123, 128, 129; organizational limits, 131–32, 254; progress in, 125, 127, 128; statutory aw, 129–31, 254; systemic constraints, 132–33, 254 Defamation and libel, 214 Del Rosario, Ernie, 156–57, 171 Delegative authority, 91–92, 97 Delegative democracy, 6, 57, 80–81, 82, 85, 84: analytical framework, 82–83 g. 1 Democracy, 83,142, 227, 247, 249: accountability mechanisms, 259; attributes, 30; civil society, 227, 252; core values, 13–14; denition, 1–4, 34n1–2, 43, 46–49; delegative democracy, 249–250, 258; democratization process, 259; elections, 143, 154, 166, 180, 182, 230, 247; Filipino's view on, 228–230; maximalist, 3, 14–15; measurement, 18–21; method, 11; minimalist, 13, 14–15; nature of, 4–5; Philippines, in the, 228–29, 241; political socialization, 232; preconditions, 45; procedural, 108; procedural/substantive approach, 45, 46, 47, 52; representative government, 6; socialization, 232; substantive, 108 Democratic Alliance, 56, 66n20, 195 Democratic citizenship values, 27, 237, 241, 251 Democratic consolidation: conditions, 84 Democratic constitutional structure, 80 Democratic dividends, 107 Democratic institutions: restoration of, 91–92 Democratic polity, 101 Democratic regimes, 1, 5, 15, 16, 17, 33, 45, 47, 247 Democratic systems, 48, 247, 248 Democratic transition: society-oriented issues, 80 Democratization, 2, 50, 107–8, 194, 247: civil society, 108, 110, 133; civil society organizations, 257; decentralization, 107, 123, 133, 254; horizontal limit, 108, 247; institutional key, 98; media, 249, 257; Philippine, 33–34: process, 43; Philippines, in, 108; process of, 48–49, 64, 84: accountability mechanism, 51; reversal, 76–81, 108; stalled, 78–81; vertical limit, 108, 247 “Democratizer,” 107: civil society, 107, 108; decentralization, 107 Department of Agriculture, 94 Department of Budget and Management, 94: on General Appropriations Act, 99 Department of Justice, 100 Department of Public Works and Highways, 93 Department of Transportation and Communication, 93 Developing countries: democratization, 78; nation-building, 49 Development: determinants, 74 appendix 2 Diamond, Larry, 12, 52–53, 133 Digital signatures, 162–63, 170 Dill, David, 145 Diño, Martin, 166 Diokno, Jose W., 77 Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP), 82, 92 Discrimination, 233 Dominion Voting Systems, 157, 159 Due process, 100 Dulles, Allen, 144 Duterte, Rodrigo Roa, 28, 185, 221, 229: cabinet appointments, 66n22 Duvalier, Fran฀ois, 142 “Dysfunctional” democracies, 15–16 E e-lagda (e-signature), 120 Economic crisis, 44, 77 Economic Good Governance Index (EGGI), 66n17 Economic society, 85 ”Economism”, 13 EDSA Revolution: 1986, 77, 122, 134, 187, 237, 241; 2001, 122, 134, 186 Ejercito, J.V., 188 Elections, 46, 53, 54, 56, 66n21, 78: 2010 elections (Philippines), 143, 146–48, 150, 162, 164, 170, 178–79, 190, 256; 2013 elections (Philippines), 161–64, 166, 167, 170, 178–79, 190; 2016 elections (Philippines), 170, 171, 181, 190, 229; anomalies, 162–64, 170, 173, 197; as accountability mechanisms, 54; automated, 53; “black operations”, 144; competitive/non-competitive, 62–63; dagdag-bawas, 144, 147, 158–59, 166, 176, 197; democracy, 230, 247, 248; elite domination, 56; from 1987 to 2010, 51–53; hacking of data, 172; media reporting outcomes between 1987 and 2010, 54; personalityoriented, 196; petition against, 177–79; Philippines, 52–53, 117, 123, 181–82, 191; poll automation, 145–46, 147–53, 155, 161–62; proxy variable, 62; reporting, 216; rigging, 142–44, 147, 150–53, 161–62, 197, 199, 230, 247; rivalry among political families, 195; Smartmatic, 154–56; synchronization, 58; transparency, 149, 154,