272 Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy, Second Edition 91–92 Chong, Glenn, 165 Citizenry, 6, 16 Citizens, 7, 8, 55 Civil rights, 52 Civil Service Commission, 100, 258 Civil society, 7, 31, 84, 108–109, 252: “autonomous” players, 108; Business organized NGOs (BoNGOs), 108; collaboration with political leaders, 133; democracy, 227, 253; “democratizer,” 107; democratization, 108, 110, 133; forms of associations, 111–12; Government organized NGOs (GoNGOs), 108; horizontal linkages, 115–16, 133; political groups, 247; triadic model, 109 g. 1 Civil society groups, 108, 253: “autonomous” players, 108; against the interest of elites, 114; Business organized NGOs (BoNGOs), 108; Government organized NGOs (GoNGOs), 108; membership, 111 table 3; mobilizations, 110, 113; “monitoring power”, 65n4; on government's transparency, 100; projects, 114; range of activities, 110, 113–114. Search also Civil society organizations Civil society leaders: “Crossed over” to government positions, 114 Civil society organizations (CSOs), 44, 47, 48, 108: Bottom Up Budgeting (BuB) program, 119; division, among, 121, 122; engaging the state, 116, 117; executive, in the, 114; impeachment cases, 113; inuence, 115; initiatives, 134n7; interventions of, 112–14; judiciary, in the, 114; leadership change, 116; lobbying in Congress, 114; membership and population, 110 table 1, 111 table 2; not working with any of the state agencies, 116; opportunities for reform, 112; people empowerment, 116; political society, crossover to, 117, 119; political-electoral struggle, 117; pork barrel scandal, 119; strategies in democratization, 110. Search also Civil society groups Civilian supremacy, 80, 89 Clans, Political, 47, 53, 55 Clientelism, 81, 82, 86 Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Ofcials and Employees (R. A. 6713), 219 CODE-NGO, 117, 118, 134n1–2 Coercion, Electoral, 64 Colmenares, Neri, 187, 188 Colonial government: Filipinization, 76 Comelec Advisory Committee (CAC), 155, 157 COMELEC. Search under Commission on Elections Commission on Audit, 100, 258 Commission on Elections (COMELEC), 23, 46, 59, 144–77, 258: election rigging, 142–44, 147, 150–53, 161–62, 177; freedom of expression, 204; hacking of personal data, 172; IT security, 172; party-list system, 189; poll automation, 145–46, 147–53, 155, 161–62, 177; transparency, 149, 154, 165, 167, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 190, 197, 199 Commission on Human Rights, 100, 258 Commonwealth of the Philippines, 76 Communist Party, 56 Communist-led guerrillas, 24, 45, 78. Search also Leftist group armed struggle Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (R. A. 6657) Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (R. A. 9700), 113 Congress, 84: abolishment, 101; institutional reforms, 98; Martial Law, 101; national appropriations law, 92–93; on transparency, 99; political families, 60. Search also House of Representatives Congressman, 51: reelection, 53 Consolidated democracy, 82: transition from authoritarian rule, 84 Conspiratorial political coalition, 78 Constantino-David, Karina, 114 Constitution, of the Philippines, 31, 76, 87, 90 Constitutional authoritarianism, 77 Constitutional Commission (1986), 98: on the president, 87 “Constitutional maturity“, 122 Controllability, 81, 85, 97 Converse, Nathan, 80 Corruption, 81, 82, 86, 93: privatization of government resources, 62 Coup d'état (1989), 78 Court of Appeals, 31 CPM. Search under Change Politics Movement Cruz, Isagani: on Martial Law, 88 “Culture of impunity”, 26 Cyber Crime Prevention Act of 2012 (R. A. 10175), 208 D Dagdag-bawas, 144, 147, 158–59, 166, 176, 197 Davao del Norte, 128 David, Rizalito, 166 De la Torre, Edicio, 114 Decentralization, 47, 107, 254: democratization, 107, 123, 133, 252, 254; engaging local instrumentalities, 127; aws, 129–31;