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Lastly, the limitations of government employment and welfare programs contribute
to the precarity experienced by many Filipino workers. Aside from the problems
associated with implementing programs such as CAMP and TUPAD, a recurrent
theme echoed in several ILS studies and the survey results is the sheer
insufficiency of financial assistance offered to workers in distress.46
Survey respondents also complained that these government programs were
riddled with problems. From the non-universal delivery of aid, the susceptibility of
these programs to "palakasan" patronage politics, and the difficulty in meeting the
requirements for legibility under these initiatives. As a result, the majority of
participants expressed dissatisfaction with the effectiveness of government
responses under COVID-19 and pessimism regarding the government's
preparedness for future crises.
Concretely, these weaknesses in government policy and implementation are
expressed by the lived realities of many workers and are captured by the survey
results. For example, when asked what conditions push them towards sweatshop
labor, the majority of answers revolve around poverty, the need to provide for their
families, economic precarity, the lack of job opportunities, and the view that a job
is better than no job at all. While many said that sweatshop work had its value, the
responses need to be qualified by the fact that most survey participants view this
form of labor as necessary either because of economic necessity or the lack of
alternative, decent jobs.
Violations of Workers' Right to Safe and Healthy Working Conditions
Side-by-side with terrible labor standards in the manufacturing industry, the
continued violation of sweatshop workers' right to safe and healthy working
conditions can be attributed primarily to the non-implementation of OSH standards
and the limited capacity of the government to enforce compliance.
Here, DOLE's gap report provides many crucial findings on the issues that affect
the implementation of OSH in the country—the study found that the existing OSH
standards in the country are not updated in accordance with international
46
Joyce Anne S. Lumactud, Gap Analysis of ILO Convention No. 81 (Labor Inspection), at viii,
available at https://ils.dole.gov.ph/rights-at-work/2016-rw/gap-analysis-of-ilo-convention-no-81labour-inspection (last accessed November 5, 2022).