Hak Politik Penyandang Disabilitas dan Ruang Lingkupnya and a non-neutral use of the word having currency, the opportunity for confusion in arguments about racial discrimination is enormously multiplied. For some, it may be enough that a practice is called discriminatory for them to judge it wrong. Others may be mystified that the first group condemns the practice without further argument or inquiry. Many may be led to the false sense that have actually made a moral argument by showing that the practice discriminates (distinguishes in favor of of againts). The temptation is to move from ‘X distinguishes in favor or againts’ to ‘X discriminates’ to ‘X is wrong’ without being aware of the equivocation involved.” (Robert K. Fullinwider, The Reverse Discrimination Controversy, 1980: 11-12) 3. The effect of state laws that favor local interets over out-of-state interests. Such a discriminatory (Bryan A. Garner, 1999: 479-480) Salah satu bentuk perumusan formal tentang konsep diskriminasi, dapat kita jumpai pada artikel 26 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights resolusi PBB No. 2200A (XXI) tertanggal 16 Desember 1966 yang berbunyi: “All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” Perumusan diskriminasi yang lebih spesifik, terlihat pada Konvensi tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) pada Pasal 1 konvensi tersebut dirumuskan secara spesifik pengertian diskriminasi terhadap perempuan yaitu: “For the purposes of the present Convention, the term “discrimination against women” shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil, or any other field.” (Ruswiati Suryasaputra, 2006: 2-3) Konsep diskriminasi sebagaimana dikemukakan di atas juga dapat kita jumpai pada Konvensi Internasional tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Ras Resolusi Majelis Umum PBB Nomor 2106 A (XX) 21 Desember 1965. Pada Pasal 1 konvensi tersebut berbunyi: “Diskriminasi adalah segala bentuk pembedaan, pengecualian, pembatasan, atau pengutamaan berdasarkan ras, warna kulit, keturunan atau kebangsaan atau suku bangsa, yang mempunyai maksud atau 87