• In particular, medical personnel who examine those who complain about torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment should be adequately trained to carry out their functions. The template for the examination of such persons, developed by the Fiji Human Rights Commission (in conjunction with Physicians Against Torture), may provide a useful template for training (see Appendix 2). Trade in equipment • States can take positive steps to reduce the risk of torture by restricting the trade in equipment and products that can be used for torture. (v) the safeguards stipulated by international human rights law and standards to ensure that any statement which is established to have been made as a result of torture and other forms of ill-treatment shall not be invoked as evidence in any proceedings. • It is implicit from the absolute prohibition against torture under international law that any statement that is established to have been made as a result of torture shall not be invoked as evidence in any proceedings. Depending on the circumstances, this principle is likely also to apply to statements made as a result of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. • Article 15 of CAT stipulates that any statement that is established to have been made as a result of torture shall not be invoked as evidence in any proceedings, except against a person accused of torture as evidence that the statement was made. • Article 14(3)(g) of the ICCPR provides that no person shall be compelled to testify against him or herself or to confess guilt. • Jurisprudence of both the HRC (for example in the case of Singarasa v Sri Lanka) and Committee against Torture (for example P.E. v France), states that, where torture is 33