68 unprotected livelihood labour. Even when trading officially on the markets, one is forced, on top of the market work, not only to participate in the workplace or in the political life of the social organization one is officially allocated to but also to carry out domestic work (U Wonjae, 2009, 4-4); in this regard, trade activities amount to ‘unprotected livelihood work’ and attain an exploitative nature. In addition, women’s trade activities involve a process in which women are confronted with various forms of social violence. Cases in which women are subjected to psychological harassment, verbal abuse, and physical violence by men in the process of trading on markets and travelling between areas in order to buy and sell goods are continuously reported. In general, women have testified that they were most severely harassed by the People’s Safety Agency (the police) and have disclosed that they suffered various forms of violence by persons working at market management offices, by officials of party organizations, by men related to official or unofficial forms of transportation, by soldiers, etc. These humiliations experienced by women show that their market activities are met by state-sponsored and male violence. In contradiction to the fact that market activities are mainly upheld by women, market control is exercised by male power. This also means that a structure of ‘market = object of supervision and control = female space’ and ‘state = supervising and controlling agent = male space’ is enforced. In certain respects, it is a structure in which the state, bureaucrats and men live off women’s livelihood and related market activities, a structure that violates human rights through exploitation. We had travel permissions and nothing to be caught with, but they tell us to come in one by one. Without reason they pick on us having Chinese goods. Chinese goods, that’s what everyone carries around in small amounts, but they pick on that. That woman goes in and after some 30 minutes comes out crying heavily. Crying [she says] that she won’t try to get the goods and insists that we should just leave. So we didn’t get the goods and just left, but that women had suffered. She was crying because she had suffered very badly. Although she wasn’t a single woman but a middle-aged woman. When you trade on the train, there is a saying that ‘a women’s lower parts belong to the policemen’. There is a lot of this in reality. Because even though they do this, nobody is going to bring it up. That is, women with a pretty face can stroll around as they want even without a travel permission. (Go Yeongsun, 2009, 4-5)