27 Hence, it is necessary to extract human rights problems that specifically and solely arise from a position or status that is called ‘North Korean refugee woman’. Furthermore, to further focus our observations on the reality of human rights violations against North Korean refugee women by means of relativization, it is also very important to compare North Korean refugee women with persons living in their vicinity. For example, when conducting a fact-finding study on North Korean refugee women sojourning in China, it may be very fruitful to compare their human rights situation with that of the Chinese ‘underclass’ they find themselves living with. Secondly, even if the analysis of recent refugees’ inclination to flee North Korea has not been considered the object of a full-scale fact-finding study, we deem it an important topic that should be borne in mind by the researchers conducting this factfinding study. Research on the causes that lately lead North Koreans to flee their country is currently progressing to some degree. This is probably due to the fact that an understanding of this matter is highly important for those who are involved in providing resettlement support, employment training, and livelihood support activities vis-à-vis North Korean refugees on a practical level. With a growing recognition of the fact that the causes prompting North Korean refugees to leave their country in recent years are not grounded in unvarying structural factors but are diversifying to some degree, the view is being held that a perspective that traces the act of fleeing North Korea back to a single cause is limited. According to the causes and reasons that have been suggested lately, there are three typifications of flight from North Korea. • Ideological type: aversion to the North Korean system becomes a reason to attempt to flee North Korea • Livelihood type: food shortages and other economic reasons lead to an attempt to flee North Korea together with family members • Well-being type: attempt to flee North Korea in pursuit of a better life