Chapter-IV Criminal Trials and Adjudication of Cases In the initial two chapters there is an elaboration of judicial officer’s powers that related mainly to the investigatory officers and the prosecutorial officers. The present and the subsequent chapters lay down the human right law in the adjudicatory / the trial stages, which relates to some of the most crucial rights, such as right to legal aid, right against double-jeopardy, right not to be compelled to be a witness against himself, and also protections against other forms of abuse of process, etc. that mainly relate to the functions of the lower level judiciary itself. Box-22 In the trial of any person accused of an offence, every trial Judge/ Magistrate shall: Arts.20(1) &21 of the Const. 1. Ensure that every accused person is presumed to be innocent till he is found guilty. SS.101, 102. of the Evidence Act,1872 2. Ensure that presumption of innocence is a normative and legal requirement. 3. Ensure that the entire trial process is conducted fairly that there are no legal infirmities in the trial in matters examination of witnesses, speedy trial and the right to presumtion of innocence. 4. Ensure that there is a speedy trial and expeditious disposal of a case. 38