Figure 2: The process flow of statelessness This report is divided into eleven sections. The first section introduces the scope of the underlying project and the methodology. Section 2 delves into the different stateless populations in Peninsular Malaysia in detail and takes a look at the causation of their statelessness, as well as the documented scale of the issue. Section 3 explores the domestic and international legal frameworks surrounding statelessness as relevant to Peninsular Malaysia. Section 4 discusses civil registrations and vital statistics in Peninsular Malaysia, such as processes for birth, marriage, and death registrations. Section 5 explores findings related to circumstances leading to statelessness, broken down by category of statelessness (i.e. persons with long-standing residence since pre-independence and their descendants, abandoned children born in Malaysia, adopted children in Malaysia, children born out of wedlock or before a marriage was registered, children born outside of Malaysia to a Malaysian mother and a non-Malaysian father, indigenous persons, stateless refugees, and other undocumented persons who do not fit any of the previous categories). Section 6 presents findings related to the process of acquiring citizenship. Section 7 presents the effects of statelessness, Section 8 looks at the country’s attempts to reduce and prevent statelessness. Section 9 presents best practices by other countries to reduce and prevent statelessness. Section 10 presents detailed recommendations for policy changes based on the data obtained in this study. Section 11 presents references. 5