Conversion Practices and HumanRights Conversion practices may also engage domestic and international human rights laws and principles, such as: • The Human Rights Act 1993 (the right not to be discriminated against based on sex and sexual orientation) • The Bill of Rights Act 1990 (section 14, freedom of expression; section 19, freedom from discrimination) • The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (the right to identity, the right to protection against destruction of culture, and the right to future manifestations of culture) • The Code of Health & Disability Services Consumers’ Rights (Right 2, services free from coercion; Right 4, services of an appropriate standard; Right 6, to be fully informed; Right 7, to give informed consent). • Te Tiriti o Waitangi (see below) Takatāpui and a Tiriti-led inclusive society Takatāpui is a term used by some Māori that identify with a minority sexual orientation, gender identity or sex characteristics. The term has been reclaimed and expanded from its original meaning, which was “intimate companion of the same sex”.xvi Takatāpui were traditionally accepted and valued members of hapū (extended family). However, this acceptance changed with the impact of colonisation and the introduction of Christianity. Today, memories of takatāpui preserved in pūrākau (traditional narratives), waiata (songs) and carvings are being rediscovered and shared. Te Tiriti o Waitangi protected self-determination for Māori and religious and spiritual equality for all, including takatāpui Māori, as follows: 44 • Article 2 provides tino rangatiratanga to iwi or the right to exercise authority over taonga • Article 3 provides equality of access to protection by the Crown • Article 4 (oral) guaranteed freedom of religious and spiritual customs, which should have protected the ongoing roles of takatāpui in the spiritual life of the community.xvii Alongside takatāpui Māori, Pacific peoples and several ethnic communities have also historically embraced diverse genders and sexualities. For example, MVPFAFF+ identities are indigenous identities across the Pacific that have unique histories and places in society. Article 4 rights (the oral Article of Te Tiriti) apply to all peoples within Aotearoa and are also supported in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA). New Zealand laws offer specific protection to these communities, for example by protecting their rights as minorities to enjoy their culture (article 20 NZBORA). Survivors with indigenous LGBTQIA+ identities, such as MVPFAFF+, may require additional cultural support to access and experience these rights and protections. Practitioners may need to upskill to effectively support people or refer them for appropriate additional support. Conversion Practices Guidance for medical healthcare professionals