Australian Human Rights Commission Human Rights and Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, 30 November 2023 Endnotes 1 International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Autonomous Weapons Systems: Technical, Military, Legal and Humanitarian Aspects’ (Expert Meeting, 2014) 7. 2 Michael Klare, ‘Assessing the Dangers: Emerging Military technologies and Nuclear (In)Stablity, An Arms Control Association Report’, (Report, February 2023) 12. 3 Christof Heyns, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions’ (Report to the Human Rights Council, 09 April 2013) 6 [31]. 4 Neil Davison, ‘A Legal Perspective: Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Humanitarian Law’ (UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 30, 2018) 7-8. 5 ICRC Online Casebook, ‘Proportionality’ (Webpage) <https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/proportionality>. 6 Human Rights Watch, ‘Losing Humanity: The Case against Killer Robots’ (Report, 2012) 25. 7 Human Rights Watch, ‘Losing Humanity: The Case against Killer Robots’ (Report, 2012) 35. 8 United Nations, ‘Machines Capable of Taking Lives without Human Involvement Are Unacceptable, SecretaryGeneral Tells Experts on Autonomous Weapons Systems’ (Press Release, United Nations, 25 March 2019) <https://press.un.org/en/2019/sgsm19512.doc.htm>. 9 United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, ‘High Contracting Parties and Signatories CCW’ (Webpage) <https://www.un.org/disarmament/the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons/high-contractingparties-and-signatories-ccw/>. 10 United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS)’ <https://disarmament.unoda.org/the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons/background-on-laws-inthe-ccw/>. 11 Annex III, Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, opened for signature 10 October 1980, 1342 UNTS 137 (entered into force 2 December 1983). 12 United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, ‘High Contracting Parties and Signatories CCW’ (Webpage) <https://www.un.org/disarmament/the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons/high-contractingparties-and-signatories-ccw/>. 13 Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, ‘Human Rights Implications of the Development, Use and Transfer of New Technologies in the Context of Counter-terrorism and Countering and Preventing Violent Extremism’ (Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism, 01 March 2023) 10 [30]. 14 Maria Cramer, ‘A.I Drone May have Acted on its Own in Attacking Fighters, U.N Says’, New York Times (Online, 03 June 2021) <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/03/world/africa/libya-drone.html>; Robert Trager, ‘Killer Robots are Here - and we Need to Regulate Them’, Foreign Policy (Online, 11 May 2022) <https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/11/killer-robots-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems-ukraine-libyaregulation/>. 15 Human Rights Watch, ‘Ukraine: Russia Uses Banned Antipersonnel Landmines’ (Report, 29 March 2022) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/29/ukraine-russia-uses-banned-antipersonnel-landmines>. 16 Human Rights Watch, ‘Ukraine: Russia Uses Banned Antipersonnel Landmines’ (Report, 29 March 2022) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/29/ukraine-russia-uses-banned-antipersonnel-landmines>. 17 Panel of Experts on Libya, ‘Letter Dated 8 March 2021 from the Panel of Experts on Libya Established Pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) Addressed to the President of the Security Council’ (Report S/2021/229, 08 March 2021) 17; see also James Vincent, ‘Have Autonomous Robots Started Killing in War?’, The Verge (Online, 03 June 2021) >https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/3/22462840/killer-robot-autonomous-droneattack-libya-un-report-context>. 18 United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS)’ <https://disarmament.unoda.org/the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons/background-on-laws-inthe-ccw/>. 19 International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Joint Call by the United Nations Secretary-General and the President of the International Committee of the Red Cross for States to Establish New Prohibitions and Restrictions on Autonomous Weapon Systems’ (News Release, 05 October 2023) <https://www.icrc.org/en/document/joint-call-un-and-icrc-establish-prohibitions-and-restrictionsautonomous-weapons-systems>. 12