Challenges and Risks faced by NHRIs and HRDs A survey conducted by the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) in April 2024 revealed significant risks HRDs and NHRIs face. The primary threats identified included: • Budget cuts and financial constraints which limit operational capacity. • Arbitrary arrests, prosecution, and detention of HRDs and NHRI staff. • Restrictions on freedom of expression, assembly, and movement. • Harassment, threats, and smear campaigns against HRDs and NHRI personnel. • Intimidation by state and non-state actors, including undue political pressure, denial of access to documents, and discreditation of NHRI work through media channels. The survey also highlighted that environmental activists and journalists are particularly at risk, with additional concerns for women human rights defenders, LGBTQ+ activists, and civil society leaders. In some cases, these threats escalate to physical violence and killings, further demonstrating the urgent need for robust protection mechanisms. NHRI strategies for promoting and protecting HRDs Despite these challenges, NHRIs across the region have developed and implemented various strategies to support and protect HRDs. In response to an APF online survey conducted in February 2025 as part of the Regional Action Plan on HRDs final evaluation, NHRIs reported the following key findings: • Monitoring and reporting: All surveyed NHRIs collect and analyse disaggregated data on attacks against HRDs and engage in legislative and policy monitoring. Seven APF member NHRIs maintain gender-disaggregated data and contribute to regional datasets. • Complaint handling and investigation: NHRIs investigate human rights violations, raise public awareness, and document cases of reprisals. 11 member NHRIs also prepare special reports dedicated to HRDs and develop specific guidelines for security forces regarding HRD protection. • Protection mechanisms: Some NHRIs have established early warning systems, including rapid response teams, national hotlines, and HRD focal points within their institutions. Peer-to-peer networks and regional CSO partnerships have also been developed to strengthen HRD protection efforts. APF Human Rights Defenders Working Group: Annual Report 2024-25 14