© Dr Sharon Shalev and New Zealand Human Rights Commission, 2021 This report was commissioned by the New Zealand Human Rights Commission. For any questions or comments, please contact: Dr Sharon Shalev Centre for Criminology, Oxford University, UK Email: sharon.shalev@solitaryconfinement.org Human Rights Commission Level 7, AIG Building, 41 Shortland Street, Auckland PO Box 6751, Wellesley Street Tämaki Makaurau Auckland 1141 Waea Telephone 09 309 0874 ISSN: 978-0-478-35620-5 (print) ISSN: 978-0-478-35621-2 (web) Published November 2021 Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand Design: Verso Visual Communications