effective access to justice; adequate, effective and prompt reparation for harm suffered; and access to relevant information concerning violations and reparations mechanisms. • Under section IX of the Basic Principles the four general types of reparation are identified as restitution (restoring the victim to the position before the violation occurred); compensation (monetary payment for economically assessable damage resulting from violations); rehabilitation (including, as necessary, medical and psychological care and relevant social services); and satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition (including public acknowledgement of the violation and criminal and/or administrative sanctions against those responsible for the violations). • One of the important international remedial measures is the individual complaint mechanisms of international bodies, including under article 22 of CAT and the First Optional Protocol of the ICCPR. • Whether or not states have ratified relevant treaties, individuals may at any time (whether the relevant state has consented or not and whether or not domestic remedies have been exhausted) seek the assistance of the (UN) Special Rapporteur on Torture who can advocate redress from the relevant states on behalf of the aggrieved person. (vii) the nature of the protection to be afforded to persons being forcibly returned to a country in which they may face torture or other forms of ill-treatment. • International law prohibits forcible return (‘non-refoulement’) of a person to a country where he or she has a well-founded fear of persecution. • There are possible exceptions with regard to a person who is a danger to the security of the country where he or she is, or one who, having been convicted by a final judgment of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to that country. This is the position according to the Refugee Convention 1951 and its 1967 Protocol. • The principle of non-refoulement applies in the case of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 35