• Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;21 • Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;22 • Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment;23 • Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners;24 • Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty;25 • Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officers26; and • Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials.27 General Comments Specific provisions in each of the ICCPR, CAT and CRC relating to torture, have been elaborated on in ‘General Comments’.28 The Committee against Torture has prepared one General Comment only. General Comment No. 1 relates to the implementation of Article 3 of CAT (refoulement) in the context of Article 22 (individual complaints mechanism).29 The General Comment provides practical guidance to individuals who wish to bring a communication before the Committee on the issue of non-refoulement. 21 Adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 55/89 Annex of 4 December 2000. Adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982. 23 Adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988. 24 Adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, held at Geneva in 1955, and approved by the Economic and Social Council by its resolution 663C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977. 25 Adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 45/113 of 14 December 1990. 26 Adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979. 27 Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990. 28 Each of the committees established under international human rights instruments has the power to prepare General Comments. These are designed to guide States Party in how to implement specific requirements of the particular treaty in question. 29 General Comment No. 01: Implementation of Article 3 of the Convention in the context of Article 22: 21/11/97. A/53/44, annex IX, Committee against Torture. 22 9