14 they were paid less than their male counterparts. Concerning rights relating to marriage and family, she argued that the protection of motherhood and women’s rights had been weakened, hence allowing sexual discrimination. Moreover, regarding rights relating to the body and sex, her analysis shows that women lived in a void of human rights due to sexual exploitation etc. <Table 2-2> Topics and categorizations of human rights violations classified by individual researcher Researcher and research topic Categorizations of human rights violations • Paek Youngok (2002) “Research on the Situation of North Korean Refugee • Women in China and Measures to Support Them” • Sexual exploitation Wage exploitation Forced repatriation to North Korea • • • Kim Taehyeon; Roh Chiyeong (2003) “Life stories of North Korean Female Defectors (1,2): • Hermeneutic Analysis of Daily Life Experiences in China” • • • • • Moon Sookjae; Kim Jihee; Lee Myunggeun (2000) “Motives for Escape and Life Conditions of North Korean Women: On North Korean Refugee Women in • the Yanbian Region of China” • Min Jiwon (2003) “Gender Oppression Exercised through Criteria for • Decision-making on Refugee Status: On North Korean • Refugee Women’s Possibilities to Attain Refugee Status” • Despair over unattainability of goals Risks of exposure Getting married to negotiate security Feeling discriminated as North Korean women Rediscovering the meaning of life in China Disguising oneself as a Chinese woman Hiding emotions Getting married/postponing pregnancy, etc. Motives for escape, including conditions of flight from North Korea Living Conditions of North Korean refugee women in China Gender oppression within North Korean society Daily oppression within the private sphere Sexual torture, forced abortions in camps for political prisoners Additional punishment for women’s illegal border-crossing Problems between married partners Problems relating to bigamy or cohabitation Daily married life with South Korean men Problems regarding children’s education Supporting parents, nurturing infants and children Difficulties in employment training and working life Health and psychological difficulties Anxieties over family left behind in North Korea Right to existence: discrimination against women in distribution system Right to economic activity: wage discrimination against women Rights relating to marriage and family: sexual discrimination Cho Younga; Jeon Wootaek (2005) “Problems of North Korean Refugee Women regarding their Adaptation to South Korean Society with a Focus on Married Women” • • • • • • • • • Shim Younghee (2006) • “Human Rights of North Korean Women: Conditions and Main Factors” •